Anatomical Positions
The human body is studied from the erect position with the arms by the side and the palms of the hands facing forward, the head erect and eyes looking straight in front.
The various parts of the body are then described in
relation to some imaginary lies on planes.
The Median plane runs through-out the
enter of the body, any structure which lies nearer to median plane of the body
in comparison to other structure away from it is said to be Medial.
e.g.: The hamstring muscles which lie in the
inner side of the thigh are medial to those muscles which are at the side of
the thigh.
The term internal and external is used to
describe the relative distance to an organ or structure from the center of the
cavity.
e.g.: The ribs have an internal surface that is near to the chest
cavity and an external surface that is on the outer side, further away from
the cavity. The internal carotid artery is inside the cranial cavity, whereas the external carotid artery lies outside the cavity.
The superficial and deep are used to denote
relative distance from the surface of the body.
The superior and inferior denote positions
relatively high or low, particularly in relations with the trunk e.g.: superior
and inferior surfaces of the clavicle.
The anterior and posterior are synonymous
with ventral and dorsal. These terms are only applied to man in anatomical
position.
e.g.: Anterior and posterior Tibial arteries lie in
front and behind of the leg. It should be kept in mind that while describing
hands and feet, the anterior part is called palmer and posterior as dorsal
for hands, and for feet it is planter as anterior and dorsal
as posterior.
The term proximal and distal are employed to describe nearness
to or distance from a given point particularly in relations to
limbs.
e.g.: The proximal phalanges are near to the
wrist than distal.
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